Plant analysis is an excellent “quality control” tool for growers interested in high-yield crop production. It can be especially valuable for managing secondary and micronutrients that don’t have high quality, reliable soil tests available, and for providing insight into how efficiently you are using applied nutrients.
Plant analysis can be used by Kansas farmers in two basic ways: for diagnostic purposes, and for monitoring nutrient levels at a common growth stage. Diagnostics can be done any time, and is especially valuable early in the season when corrective actions can easily be taken. Monitoring is generally done at the beginning of reproductive growth.
Diagnostic sampling
Plant analysis is an excellent diagnostic tool to help understand some of the variation among corn plants in the field. When using plant analysis to diagnose field problems, try to take comparison samples from both good/normal areas of the field, and problem spots. Don't wait for tasseling or silking to sample.
When sampling for diagnostic purposes, collecting specific plant parts is less important than obtaining comparison samples from good and bad areas of the field. As a general rule, if plants are less than 12 inches tall, collect the whole plant. Cut off the plant at ground level. With plants more than 12 inches tall and until reproductive growth begins, collect the top fully developed leaves (those which show leaf collars). Once reproductive growth starts, collect the same plant parts indicated for monitoring purposes, described below.
Along with taking plant tissue samples, it is also helpful to collect a soil sample from both good and bad areas when doing diagnostics. Define your areas, and collect both soil and plant tissue from areas that represent good and bad areas of plant growth. Soil samples can help define why a problem may be occurring. The soil sample may find certain nutrient levels are very low in the soil, helping to explain why a deficiency is occurring. But other factors can also cause nutrient problems. Soil compaction, for example, often limits the uptake of nutrients, especially potassium, which are otherwise present in adequate amounts in the soil.
Plant analysis for nutrient monitoring
For general monitoring or quality control purposes, plant leaves should be collected as the plant enters reproductive growth. Sampling under stress conditions for monitoring purposes can give misleading results, and is not recommended. Stresses such as drought will generally limit nutrient uptake, and result in a general reduction in nutrient content in the plant.
In the case of corn, 15-20 ear leaves, or the first leaf below and opposite the ear, should be collected at random from the field at silk emergence, before pollination, and before the silks turning brown.
Handling and shipping plant sample
How should you handle samples, and where should you send the samples? The collected leaves should be allowed to wilt over night to remove excess moisture, placed in a paper bag or mailing envelope, and shipped to a lab for analysis. Do not place the leaves in a plastic bag or other tightly sealed container, as the leaves will begin to rot and decompose during transport, and the sample won’t be usable. Most of the soil testing labs working in the region provide plant analysis services, including the K-State lab. Make sure to label things clearly for the lab.
What nutrients should be included in the plant analysis?
In Kansas nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), chloride (Cl), and iron (Fe) are the nutrients most likely to be deficient. Recently questions have been raised by consultants and others concerning copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and molybdenum (Mo), though widespread deficiencies of those micronutrients have not been found in the state. Many labs can analyze for these nutrients also. Normally the best values are the “bundles” or “packages” of tests offered through many of the labs. They can be as simple as N, P and K, or can be all of the 14 mineral elements considered essential to plants. K-State offers a package which includes N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn for $23.75.
What will you get back from the lab?
The data returned from the lab will be reported as the concentration of nutrient elements, or potentially toxic elements, in the plants. Units reported will normally be in “percent” for the primary and secondary nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and Cl) and “ppm,” or parts per million, for most of the micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, B, Mo, and Al).
Most labs/agronomists compare plant nutrient concentrations to published sufficiency ranges. A sufficiency range is simply the range of concentrations normally found in healthy, productive plants during surveys. It can be thought of as the range of values optimum for plant growth. The medical profession uses a similar range of normal values to evaluate blood work. The sufficiency ranges change with plant age (generally being higher in young plants), vary between plant parts, and can differ between hybrids. So a value slightly below the sufficiency range does not always mean the plant is deficient in that nutrient. It is an indication that the nutrient is relatively low. Values on the low end of the range are common in extremely high-yielding crops. However, if that nutrient is significantly below the sufficiency range, you should ask some serious questions about the availability and supply of that nutrient.
Keep in mind also that any plant stress (drought, heat, soil compaction, etc.) can have a serious impact on nutrient uptake and plant tissue nutrient concentrations. So a low value of a nutrient in the plant doesn’t always mean the nutrient is low in the soil and the plant will respond to fertilizer. It may be that the nutrient is present in adequate amounts in the soil, but is either not available or not being taken up by the plant for a variety of reasons. Two examples are drought, which can reduce plant uptake of nutrients and cause low nutrient values in the plant; and high-pH soils, which can cause low iron availability.
On the other extreme, levels above “sufficiency” can also indicate problems. High values might indicate over-fertilization and luxury consumption of nutrients. Plants will also sometimes try to compensate for a shortage of one nutrient by loading up on another. This occurs at times with nutrients such as iron, zinc, and manganese. Plants will load up on iron at times in an attempt to compensate for low zinc. In some situations, very high levels of a required nutrient can lead to toxicity. Manganese is an example of an essential nutrient that can be toxic when present in excess. This can occur at very low soil pH levels, generally well below 5.
The following table gives the range of nutrient contents considered to be “normal” or “sufficient” for corn seedlings below 12” tall, and for the ear leaf of corn at silking. Keep in mind that these are the ranges normally found in healthy, productive crops.
|
Range of nutrient contents considered “normal” or “sufficient” at two growth stages in corn |
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|
Nutrient |
Units |
Whole Plant <12” tall |
Corn Ear Leaf at Green Silk |
|
Nitrogen |
% |
3.5-5.0 |
2.75-3.50 |
|
Phosphorus |
% |
0.3-0.5 |
0.25-0.45 |
|
Potassium |
% |
2.5-4.0 |
1.75-2.25 |
|
Calcium |
% |
0.3-0.7 |
0.25-0.50 |
|
Magnesium |
% |
0.15-0.45 |
0.16-0.60 |
|
Sulfur |
% |
0.20-0.50 |
0.15-0.50 |
|
Chloride |
% |
Not established |
0.18-0.60 |
|
Copper |
ppm |
5-20 |
5-25 |
|
Iron |
ppm |
50-250 |
20-200 |
|
Manganese |
ppm |
20-150 |
20-150 |
|
Zinc |
ppm |
20-60 |
15-70 |
|
Boron |
ppm |
5-25 |
4-25 |
|
Molybdenum |
ppm |
0.1-10 |
0.1-3.0 |
|
Aluminum |
ppm |
<400 |
<200 |
Summary
In summary, plant analysis is a good tool to monitor the effectiveness of your fertilizer and lime program, and a very effective diagnostic tool. Consider adding this to your toolbox.
Dave Mengel, Soil Fertility Specialist
dmengel@ksu.edu
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