There can be considerable environmental variation across the state during the growing season of grain sorghum, with a high probability of drought after flowering when moving toward the west. Tailoring the right management strategy to every site is critical to increase productivity and reduce the impact of abiotic stressors (Figure 1). The most critical planting practices affecting yields in sorghum are: row spacing, row arrangement, seeding rate/plant population, planting date, and hybrid maturity.
Figure 1. Well-managed sorghum. Photo by Constanza Mackrey, K-State Research and Extension.
Sorghum plants can compensate and adjust to diverse environmental conditions through modifications in the number of tillers, head size, and final seed weight. For sorghum, the final number of seeds per head is the plant component that varies the most; and thus has more room for adjustment than the other plant components (seed weight and number of tillers).
Seeding rates and plant populations
Sorghum population recommendations range from a desired stand of 23,000 to more than 100,000 plants per acre depending on average annual rainfall (Table 1).
Table 1. Grain sorghum recommended seeding rate, plant population and row spacing based on average annual rainfall. Source: https://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3046.pdf
|
Avg. Annual Rainfall (inches) |
Seeding rate (x 1,000 seeds/acre)* |
Recommended Plant Population (x 1,000 plants/acre) |
Within-row Seed Spacing (70% emergence) |
||
|
10-inch rows |
20-inch rows |
30-inch rows |
|||
|
< 20 |
30-35 |
23-27 |
21-18 |
10-9 |
7-6 |
|
20 to 26 |
35-64 |
25-45 |
18-10 |
9-5 |
6-3 |
|
26 to 32 |
50-80 |
35-55 |
13-8 |
6-4 |
4-3 |
|
> 32 |
70-125 |
50-90 |
9-5 |
4-2 |
3-2 |
|
Irrigated |
110-150 |
80-110 |
5-4 |
3-2 |
2-1 |
* Assuming 70% field emergence.
Because of sorghum’s ability to respond to the environment, final stands can vary at least 25 percent from the values listed above, depending on expected growing conditions, without significantly affecting yields. Lower seeding rates minimize the risk of crop failure in dry environments. Sorghum can compensate for good growing conditions by adding tillers and adjusting head size, but yields can be reduced in a dry year if populations are too high. For a high-yielding environment (>150 bu/acre), under narrow rows, high plant populations can be a critical factor for improving sorghum yields.
Higher seeding rates also should be used when planting late. Increase rates by 15-20 percent if planting in late-June or later. Late planting will restrict the amount of time that sorghum plants will have in the season for producing productive tillers, thus decreasing the plants’ ability to compensate for inadequate stands.
Recent research in Kansas has confirmed these long-term recommendations. In these studies, sorghum yields were maximized at 25,000 plants per acre (optimum between 20,000 to 30,000 plants per acre) in western Kansas at 17 inches annual precipitation; 40,000 in central Kansas at 30 inches annual precipitation; and 50,000 in eastern Kansas at 32 inches annual precipitation. For western Kansas, final stands of about 20,000 to 30,000 plants per acre can attain yields of 60 to 80 bushels per acre or more. For central and eastern Kansas, final stands of 50,000 to 70,000 plants per acre can maximize yields, with the final objective of having an average of 1 to 1.5 heads per plant.
Having more than the recommended number of plants per acre results in fewer fertile and productive tillers and thinner stems, which will reduce yield in the drier environments and increase susceptibility to drought. On the other side, thin stands can compensate for better-than-expected growing conditions somewhat by producing more and/or larger heads. However, under high-yielding environments, a higher final plant population will be needed to increase yields as much as possible (Table 1).
Planting date
A summary of research data performed in the last several years has confirmed that the optimum planting date for maximizing yields will be around early June (Figure 2). Still, the decision related to the optimum planting date should be timed so plants have the best possible chance of avoiding hot, dry weather at the flowering stage, but can still have sufficient time to mature before the first frost.
Figure 2. Planting date effect on final sorghum yields (Tribune/ Hutchinson/ Manhattan, Vanderlip; Scandia 1994-96, Gordon; St. John 1993-95, Martin and Vanderlip; Columbus 2000/03, Kelley). From Sorghum: State of the Art and Future Perspectives, Agronomy Monographs 58, chapter “Genotype × Environment × Management Interactions: US Sorghum Cropping Systems” doi:10.2134/agronmonogr58.2014.0067, Ciampitti and Prasad (Eds).
Planting date has some effect on seeding rates. Sorghum will tiller more readily in cool temperatures and less under warm conditions. As a result, later plantings in warmer weather should be on the high side of the recommended range of seeding rates for each environment since there will be less tillering. The potential for greater tillering with earlier planting dates makes sorghum yields more stable when planted in May and early June compared to late June or July plantings.
Planting depth
Seed placement is also a critical factor when planting sorghum. Optimum seed placement for sorghum is about 1-2 inches deep. Shallower or deeper planting depths can affect the time between planting and emergence, affecting early-season plant uniformity.
Row spacing
The other factor that can influence yield is row spacing. A response to narrow row spacing is expected under superior growing environments, when water is a non-limiting factor. Narrow rows increase early light interception, provide faster canopy closure, reduce evaporation losses, can improve suppression of late-emerging weeds, and maximize yields.
The comparison between wide (30-inch) vs. narrow (15-inch) row spacing shows an overall yield benefit of 4 bushels per acre with narrow rows. In addition, narrow rows out-yielded wide rows in 71 percent of all observations evaluated (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Yield in narrow rows versus yield in wide rows. From a total number of 75 observations, 71% had a greater yield in narrow as compared to wide row spacing. Partial data presented From Sorghum: State of the Art and Future Perspectives, Agronomy Monographs 58, chapter “Genotype × Environment × Management Interactions: US Sorghum Cropping Systems” doi:10.2134/agronmonogr58.2014.0067, Ciampitti and Prasad (Eds).
A more consistent response to narrow rows was documented when yields were above 70 bushels per acre, with a greater chance of having higher yields when using narrow rows, but the response is not always consistent. Under low-yielding environments, conventional (30-inch) wide row spacing is the best alternative.
Should populations be adjusted with narrow rows?
Research results indicate that the population producing the greatest yield doesn’t change with different row spacing, but the magnitude of response to population potentially can be greater with narrower row spacing in high-yielding environments.
Should row spacing be adjusted for planting dates?
Planting date seems to have an interaction with row spacing. Over three years at the North Central Experiment Field, there was essentially no difference in yield between 15- and 30-inch rows for late-May plantings, but there was a 10-bushel yield advantage for 15-inch rows for late June plantings. A similar response was observed at Manhattan in 2009 row spacing had no effect on yields for the May planting, but with the June planting 10-inch rows had an 11-bushel/acre yield advantage over 30-inch rows. In all cases, yields were less with the June planting, but the June plantings at Belleville and Manhattan still averaged more than 115 bushels/acre.
Hybrid selection
The selection of sorghum hybrids should be based not only on maturity, but also on other traits such as resistance to pests, stalk strength, head exsertion, seeding vigor, and overall performance. The selection of a sorghum hybrid based on its maturity should be strictly related to the planting date, expected duration of the growing season, and the probability the hybrid will mature before the first freeze event. Shorter-season hybrids might be a better fit for late planting dates (mid-June to July depending on the regions); while a longer-season hybrid is recommended when planting time is early and the duration of the growing season is maximized. The goal is to plant a hybrid maturity at each particular site/environment (weather and soil type) so the plants can bloom in favorable conditions, and have adequate grain fill duration before the first fall freeze occurs.
Summary
- Determine your desired population based on average rainfall and expected growing conditions. There is no need to go overboard.
- Make sure you plant enough seed for your desired plant population. About 65-70 percent field germination is a good general rule to use.
- Think about using narrower row spacing to close the canopy sooner and potentially capture greater yields in yield environments of 70 bushels per acre or more.
- Planting date and hybrid selection are tied together and are related to the expected conditions during the late summer. Think about this before deciding your planting time and selecting a hybrid.
Suggested Resources for sorghum crop from K-State Research and Extension
“Kansas Sorghum Management 2022” MF3046
https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3046.pdf
“Narrow-row Grain Sorghum Production in Kansas” MF2388 https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF2388.pdf
“2021 Kansas Performance Tests with Grain Sorghum Hybrids” SRP1168 https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/SRP1168.pdf
“Sorghum Growth and Development” poster
https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3234.pdf
Ignacio Ciampitti, Farming Systems Specialist
ciampitti@ksu.edu
Ana Carcedo, Postdoctoral Fellow