The general target date for planting wheat for optimum grain yields in Kansas is within a week of the best pest management planting date, or BPMP (formerly known as the “Hessian fly-free”) date (Figure 1). If forage production is the primary goal, earlier planting (mid-September) can increase forage yield. However, if grain yield is the primary goal, then waiting until the BPMP date to start planting is the best approach (Figure 2). Planting in mid-September is ideal for dual-purpose wheat systems where forage yields need to be maximized while reducing the effects of early planting on reduced grain yields.
Optimum wheat planting dates in Kansas depend on location within the state. Suggested planting dates by zone are as follows:
Zone 1: September 10-30
Zone 2: September 15 – October 20
Zone 3: September 25 – October 20
Zone 4: October 5 – 25
Figure 1. Optimum wheat planting dates by zone in Kansas.
Figure 2. Effect of planting date and seeding rate on wheat fall forage yield in Lahoma, north-central Oklahoma (a) and effect of planting date on wheat grain yield near Hutchinson, south-central Kansas (b). Figure adapted from KSRE numbered publication MF3375.
While the effects of planting date on wheat yield shown in Figure 2 will hold true for most years, they will largely depend on environmental conditions and disease pressure during the growing season. In some years, earlier-planted wheat does best and some years the later-planted wheat does best, and these year-specific performances usually relate to the weather experienced in the fall and spring. For instance, early-planted fields in growing seasons with a warm fall might produce excessive biomass that will use an excessive amount of water during the fall. If the following spring is dry, soil water deficit during grain filling then can reduce grain yield. Conversely, a warm fall would favor tillering of a later-planted wheat crop, helping to compensate for this delay. The opposite is also true: in years with an early onset of cold temperatures during the fall, an earlier planted crop might perform better than a later planted crop due to its ability to produce enough fall tillers to still maximize grain yield.
In dry years, seedling emergence and stand establishment can be uneven. These dry conditions can also lead to poor crown root development and fall tillering. If fields become too wet to plant by mid-October and stay that way through the remainder of the fall, then producers end up planting much later than the optimum planting date. Following an unusual year, producers will often start planting earlier than the recommended date if soil conditions are good, because the negative consequences of adverse conditions are fresh on their minds. However, planting early also increases the risk of other production problems including multiple diseases, insect pests, weed infestations and undesirable growth of the crop.
Potential risks of planting wheat early
Increased risk of wheat streak mosaic and related diseases. Wheat curl mites that spread these diseases survive the summer on volunteer wheat and certain other grasses. As those plants die off, the wheat curl mites leave in search of new plants to feed on. Early-planted wheat is likely to become infested, and thus become infected with wheat streak mosaic virus, high plains virus, and Triticum mosaic virus. The wheat curl mites are moved by wind and can be carried a mile or more before dying, so if wheat is planted early, make sure all volunteer wheat within a mile is completely dead at least two weeks before planting. For growers considering planting early, a good management consideration would be to select wheat varieties with resistance to the wheat streak mosaic virus and/or with tolerance to the wheat curl mite, especially in the western portions of the state.
Increased risk of Hessian fly. Over the summer, Hessian fly pupae live in the old crowns of wheat residue. After the first good soaking rain in late summer or early fall, these pupae (or “flaxseed”) will hatch out as adult Hessian flies and start looking for live wheat plants to lay eggs on. They are most likely to find either volunteer wheat or early-planted wheat at that time. After the BPMP date, many of the adult Hessian fly in a given area will have laid their eggs, so there is generally less risk of Hessian fly infestation for wheat planted after that date. Hessian fly adult activity has been noted through November or even early December in Kansas. If planting early, consider varieties with improved tolerance to Hessian fly.
Armyworms and other lepidopteran larvae may also still pose a serious problem to early planted wheat. They may feed on the green wheat plants until the first cold front comes through (temperatures in the mid 20-degree F range for a couple hours). Insecticide seed treatments do not work well against lepidoptera larvae.
Increased risk of barley yellow dwarf. Many types of aphids can spread barley yellow dwarf. In Kansas, greenbugs and bird cherry-oat aphids are the primary vectors of this viral disease. These insects are more likely to infest wheat during warm weather early in the fall than during cooler weather. Planting wheat after the BPMD reduces the risk of problems with aphids and barley yellow dwarf. If planting early, consider varieties with improved tolerance to Barley Yellow Dwarf virus, especially in central and eastern Kansas or consider the use of seed treatments with imidacloprid (such as Gaucho XT or Rancona Crest).
Increased risk of excessive fall growth and excessive fall tillering. For optimum grain yields and winter survival, the goal is for wheat plants to go into winter with established crown roots and 3-5 tillers. Wheat that is planted early can grow much more than this, especially if moisture and nitrogen levels are good. If wheat gets too lush in the fall, it can use up too much soil moisture in unproductive vegetative growth. These fields are often experience more drought stress in the spring if soil conditions remain dry.
Increased risk of take-all, dryland foot rot, and common root rot. Take-all is usually worse on early-planted wheat than on later-planted wheat. In addition, one of the ways to avoid dryland foot rot (Fusarium graminearum and other Fusarium species) is to avoid early seeding. This practice promotes large plants that more often become water stressed in the fall predisposing them to invasion by the fungi. Early planting of wheat also favors common root rot because this gives the root rot fungi more time to invade and colonize root and crown tissue in the fall. Seed treatments are an option to early season seedling diseases. More information: https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF2955.pdf
Grassy weed infestations become more expensive to control. If cheatgrass, downy brome, Japanese brome, or annual rye come up before the wheat is planted, they can be controlled with glyphosate or tillage. If wheat is planted early and these grassy weeds come up after the wheat has emerged, producers will have to use an appropriate grass herbicide to control them.
Germination problems due to high soil temperatures. Early planted wheat is sown in hotter soils, which may become problematic because some wheat varieties are sensitive to high-temperature during germination. In fact, some varieties will not germinate when soil temperatures are greater than 85°F. If planting early, it is important to select varieties that do not have high-temperature germination sensitivity or sow sensitive varieties later in the fall, when soil temperatures have cooled down.
Emergence problems due to shortened coleoptile length. Hotter soils tend to decrease the coleoptile length of the germinating wheat. Therefore, deeply planted wheat may not have long-enough coleoptiles to break through the soil surface resulting in decreased emergence and poor stand establishment. When soil temperatures are hot, it is often better plant wheat at a shallower depth (3/4 to 1 inch deep) even if moisture is absent in the top layers of soil. Planting wheat deep (>2 inches) increases the risk of poor emergence and unacceptable stands.
Summary
Early sowing of wheat can lead to several problems, from increased chances of insect- or mite-transmitted viral diseases to decreased emergence due to high temperatures and its consequences on wheat germination of particular varieties and reduced coleoptile length. Ideally, growers should consider planting around the optimum window; but, if planting early due to moisture availability or a dual-purpose system, growers should consider selecting wheat varieties with tolerance to the major yield-reducing factors in their respective region. Growers should strongly consider a seed treatment with both fungicides and insecticides if planting wheat early in Kansas.
Kelsey Andersen Onofre, Extension Wheat Pathologist
andersenk@ksu.edu
Erick DeWolf, Wheat Pathologist
dewolf1@ksu.edu
Romulo Lollato, Extension Wheat and Forages Specialist
lollato@ksu.edu
Jeff Whitworth, Extension Entomologist
jwhitwor@ksu.edu