The sugarcane aphid (SCA) has been causing a range of harvesting problems in central Kansas. In some cases, sticky honeydew has been gumming up combines, sometimes bringing harvest to a halt, or slowing combine speeds. Fortunately, provided the grain has hardened, you can wait for a week or so and this honeydew will be weathered by the elements (and sooty mold) so that it is no longer sticky. The sooty mold that grows on it is not toxic, and so is not a concern for cattle that graze the stubble. However, palatability and nutritional value of the stubble may be somewhat reduced if aphid infestations have been heavy.
A more widespread problem is that aphid infestations in maturing panicles have caused uneven ripening of the grain, which in turn has caused uneven drying. Harvest has been delayed in some cases because grain moisture measurements in a field can be so variable that a decision to harvest is difficult to make.
Back in late September, a sudden cold snap in southwest Kansas (overnight low of 39 degrees F) caused significant aphid mortality (Figures 1 and 2). This suggested that large numbers of aphids might be killed by low temperatures that were still well above freezing.
Figure 1. Sugarcane aphid summer forms killed by 39 degree F cold shock in Garden City on Sept. 28, 2016. Dead aphids are black. Photo by Sarah Zukoff, K-State Research and Extension.
Figure 2. Close-up of summer forms of sugarcane aphids killed by cold shock. Photo by Sarah Zukoff, K-State Research and Extension.
As daylength shortens and temperatures get gradually cooler in the fall, the aphids transition to a “winter phenotype” with biology quite different from the pale yellow forms we see in summer. The aphids become much darker in color, slower to grow and reproduce, longer lived, and much more cold tolerant.
This was evident in a field in Rooks County where there were two successive freeze events on Nov. 12-13 (overnight lows were 23 and 26 degrees F, respectively) and yet had remarkably high numbers of aphids still alive as harvest began on Tuesday, Nov. 15, as reported by Cody Miller, Phillips Rooks Extension District agriculture agent. It is possible that aphids lower down within the crop canopy were buffered somewhat from the extreme lows. However, even though all the leaves were killed by the freeze, many aphids remained alive on the stems and in the leaf axils, with freeze-killed aphids appearing black and shriveled (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Winter phenotype of sugarcane aphid that survived two freeze events, Rooks County, Nov. 15 2016. The black-colored aphids are those that did not survive the cold. Photos by Ahmed Hassan, K-State Research and Extension.
The winter phenotype of SCA is clearly adapted to survive short, sub-tropical winters by remaining alive on any green plant tissues or vegetative regrowth, as they have been doing in south Texas. Of course, this will not happen in Kansas, so all the aphids will disappear once the plants are completely dead.
Great variation in hybrid susceptibility to SCA has been evident in a number of grain sorghum performance tests this year, with many seed companies identifying one or more lines with substantial resistance and/or tolerance to these aphids. Farmers should seek advice from seed company representatives on which of their hybrids have performed best under aphid pressure.
J.P. Michaud, Entomologist, K-State Agricultural Research Center-Hays
jpmi@ksu.edu
Sarah Zukoff, Entomologist, Southwest Research-Extension Center, Garden City
snzukoff@ksu.edu
Brian McCornack, Dept. of Entomology
mccornac@ksu.edu
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