Following wheat harvest, some producers might be thinking about baling or burning their wheat stubble. Producers may consider burning for several reasons: to control pests such as plant diseases or weeds, to improve the seedbed for the subsequent crop, and possibly other reasons. While burning is inexpensive, and baling provides additional income, producers should understand the true value of leaving crop residue in the field. Some of the information below comes from K-State Extension publication MF-2604, The Value of Crop Residue.
There are four main factors to consider.
Loss of nutrients
The products of burned wheat stubble are gases and ash. Nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) are largely combustion products, while phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) remain in the ash. When residue is burned, about one-third to one-half of the N and S will combust. The nutrients in the ash may remain for use by the plants, if it doesn’t blow or wash away first (more on that below). Therefore, instead of cycling these important plant nutrients back into the soil, they can essentially become air pollutants when the residue is burned.
|
Amounts of nutrients remaining in wheat stubble (assuming 50 bu/ac yield) |
|
|
Nutrient |
Pounds present in 5,000 lbs of wheat straw |
|
N |
27.0 |
|
P2O5 |
7.5 |
|
K2O |
37.5 |
|
S |
5.0 |
Protection from soil erosion
Bare soil is subject to water and wind erosion.
Water erosion. Without residue, the soil will receive the full impact of raindrops, thus increasing the amount of soil particles that may become detached during a rainfall event. Bare, tilled soils can lose up to 30 tons per acre topsoil annually. In no-till or CRP systems where residue is left, annual soil losses are often less than 1 ton per acre. The detachment of soil particles can lead to crusting of the soil surface, which then contributes to greater amounts of sediment-laden runoff, and thus, reduced water infiltration and drier soils.
Leaving residue on the field also increases surface roughness, which decreases the risk of both wind and water erosion. Most agricultural soils in Kansas have a “T” value, or tolerable amount of soil loss, of between 4 and 5 tons per acre per year, which is about equal to the thickness of a dime. To prevent water erosion, 30% ground cover or greater may be needed to reduce water erosion to “T” or less, especially in fields without erosion-control structures such as terraces.
What about removing residue from a no-till field? Is that better than removing it from a tilled field? A great deal of research is being conducted in Kansas and around the U.S. on the subject of how much residue can be removed safely. The answer varies on almost a field-by-field basis, because of differences in management, soil type, the amount of residue produced by the previous crop, etc.
Research in western Kansas near Hays compared sediment loss from a 20-year no-till field to that from a freshly tilled field. There was less sediment lost from the no-tilled field. However, the results suggest that no-till benefits for controlling soil erosion are quickly lost when residue is removed at rates above 25%.
Figure 1. Influence of wheat residue removal on sediment loss in runoff in two soils in western Kansas. Source: Blanco-Canqui et al., 2009.
These results underscore the critical role of residue cover in keeping the soil in place. Residue removal left the soil surface unprotected against the impact of raindrops, which is likely to have caused rapid soil detachment and surface sealing. Residue removal left the soil with little or no residue cover needed for intercepting raindrops, ponding runoff, and increasing the time available for rainfall to infiltrate the soil surface (Blanco-Canqui et al., 2009).
Wind erosion. Standing stubble is more effective at preventing wind erosion than flat stubble. On occasion, accidental residue burns have resulted in devastating wind erosion events that happen over and over again until a new ground cover is established. Once a field begins to erode from wind, it is extremely difficult to stop. During extended droughts the soil profile gets dried out and not even emergency tillage is effective at stopping the wind erosion. Losing topsoil degrades soil productivity, and the long-term effect of this loss is not easy to quantify.
The figure below shows research results from six locations in western Kansas, conducted by Yuxin He, former agronomy graduate student. In this experiment He removed crop residue at different levels, accomplished by cutting the crop residue at different heights. For example, if the residue was 10” after it was combined, the residue would be cut to 5” and removed from the plot, and that would equal 50% removal. The wind erodible fraction is the part of the soil less than 0.84 mm in size.
Figure 2. Effects of crop residue removal on the wind erodible fraction of soil, defined as <0.84 mm. the different shadings of the bars refer to the percent residue removed (the key is in the upper left panel). For example 0% means no residue was removed, while 100% means that all residue was removed. Lowercase letters indicate treatment differences at p<0.05. Ph.D. dissertation, Yuxin He, 2015, available at:
http://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2097/19043/YuxinHe2015.pdf?sequence=1
Moisture infiltration rates and conservation
Wheat residue enhances soil moisture by increasing rainfall infiltration into the soil and by reducing evaporation. Residues physically protect the soil surface and keep it receptive to water movement into and through the soil surface. Without physical protection, water and soil will run off the surface more quickly.
Ponded infiltration rates were measured at Hesston in September 2007. Very low infiltration rates (1.9 mm/hour) were observed for continuous winter wheat in which the residue was burned each year prior to disking and planting the following crop. In contrast, high infiltration rates (13.3 mm/hour) were observed for a no-till wheat/grain sorghum rotation (Presley, unpublished data).
Another way residue increases soil moisture is by reducing evaporation rates. Residue blocks solar radiation from the sun and keeps the soil surface cooler by several degrees in the summer. Evaporation rates can decline dramatically when the soil is protected with residue. Research from dryland experiments has shown that crop residues are worth 2 to 4 inches of water annually in the central Great Plains states (Presley, 2012).
Soil quality concerns
Over time, the continued burning of cropland could significantly degrade soil organic matter levels. By continually burning residue, soil organic matter is not allowed to rebuild. Soil organic matter is beneficial for plant growth as it contributes to water holding capacity and cation exchange capacity. Soil organic matter binds soil particles into aggregates, which increases porosity and soil structure and thus, increases water infiltration and decreases the potential for soil erosion. One burn, however, will not significantly reduce the organic matter content of a soil (unless the field erodes, as discussed above).
If producers do choose to burn or harvest their wheat stubble, timing is important. It’s best to burn as late as possible, close to the time when the next crop is planted. This minimizes the time that the field will be without residue cover and vulnerable to erosion. Before choosing to burn residue, producers should check with the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service and/or the Farm Service Agency to find out if this will affect their compliance in any conservation programs.
For more information, see:
* Efficient crop water use in Kansas, MF3066, available at: http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/bookstore/pubs/mf3066.pdf
* Emergency wind erosion control, MF2206, available at: http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/bookstore/pubs/MF2206.pdf
*Crop residue management strategies in Kansas. 2015. Yuxin He. Ph.D. dissertation, Kansas State University,
http://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2097/19043/YuxinHe2015.pdf?sequence=1
DeAnn Presley, Soil Management Specialist
deann@ksu.edu
Reference: Blanco-Canqui, H., R.J. Stephenson, N.O. Nelson, and D.R. Presley. 2009. Wheat and sorghum residue removal for expanded uses increases sediment and nutrient loss in runoff. J Environ Qual. Oct 29;38(6):2365-72. doi: 10.2134/jeq2009.0021. Print 2009 Nov-Dec.
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