Over the last week, impressive heat has taken hold of the region with absolutely no precipitation statewide (Figures 1 & 2). Like corn fields, dryland soybean fields have started to experience significant heat stress. Despite many areas of the state seeing drought improvement over the last month, the duration of record-breaking heat has exacerbated in-field moisture stress.
Figure 1. Temperature anomalies by division for the period August 18-24, 2023. All divisions were above normal. Source: Kansas Weather Data Library.
Figure 2. Percent of normal precipitation by division for the time period August 18-23, 2023. All divisions recorded negligible precipitation. Source: Kansas Weather Data Library.
The latest USDA Kansas Crop Progress Report and Condition (August 21, 2023) rated the soybean crop condition as 26% poor or very poor, 34% fair, 34% good, and only 6% as excellent. This report came out during the onset of the heat wave with worse conditions expected next week. In parallel, soils have rapidly dried out at the surface over the last week (Figure 3), with both topsoil and subsoil moisture reported as >19% very short, ~37% short, with only about 42% as adequate, and 2% under a water surplus per the USDA.
Figure 3. Weekly decrease in volumetric water content at the 2-inch depth. Source: Kansas Mesonet.
Entering the second half of August, most soybean fields have entered into the reproductive period (~94% flowering), with already more than half (~76%) of fields setting pods. The lack of moisture combined with warmer-than-normal temperatures will likely accelerate the growing season, moving crop phenology along much faster than the overall plant growth.
The remainder of this article reviews potential symptoms of drought and heat stress on soybeans.
Common drought and heat stress symptoms
Typically, soybeans can withstand drought stress reasonably well during the vegetative phases and are normally less sensitive than corn until late reproductive stages (e.g., pod formation). However, the combined effect of water shortage and heat stress has been extreme in many parts of the state, especially towards the Central and East regions, with soybean leaves starting to flip, curl, or even drop, increasing the abortion of flowers and pods.
Leaf flipping is one of the first symptoms that occurs when soybean plants are experiencing drought stress. Leaves flip over, exposing their undersides (Figure 4). This defense mechanism will help reduce transpiration but ultimately reduce crop growth and productivity.
Leaf curling/clamping is a second mechanism to conserve water for soybean plants. This stress response reduces the leaf area exposed, thus compromising crop productivity.
Figure 4. Leaf flipping. Photo by Ignacio Ciampitti, K-State Research and Extension.
Leaf sunscald is more evident in the leaves exposed to the sun, resulting in loss of leaves (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Leaf sunscald. Photo by Christopher “Chip” Redmond, K-State Research and Extension.
Leaf drop is a third, and more extreme, mechanism involving leaves that wilt and drop, especially during very intense and prolonged periods of water stress. Soybeans that were planted in June or early July are probably still young enough to withstand drought stress for several more weeks without dropping leaves. Soybeans planted in May or early June (and with much larger plant size) will be more vulnerable to rapid leaf loss at this time of year.
Flower and pod abortion - When the crop is already at reproductive stages, a classic symptom is an increase in aborted flowers and small pods. Since indeterminate soybeans may produce flowers for about a month, the crop may be able to recover depending on the duration and intensity of the stress. The priority of the plants will be to provide resources to older pods, which may in turn increase the number of seeds per pod partially compensating for the flower and small pods abortion. If the drought and/or heat stress is intense, both the blooming and pod-setting periods could be shortened and compromise yields (Figure 6).
Figure 6. Flower and pod abortion. Photo by Ignacio Ciampitti, K-State Research and Extension.
Impact on yield components
During reproductive stages, the effects of prolonged heat and drought are critical. As mentioned above, under drought conditions, soybeans in early reproductive stages will have increased flower and pod abortion. Soybeans can tolerate short periods of heat and drought at this time by aborting flowers and forming more later. But the crop will not bloom indefinitely and under prolonged heat and drought may be unable to recover. If no pods are set after the normal blooming period of three to six weeks, it is possible that the crop will not set any pods or make any seed yield. Determinate varieties have shorter blooming periods than indeterminate varieties.
Because of extremely high July and August temperatures, irrigated fields are not immune to the effects of drought stress. With numerous days over 100 degrees, even irrigated plants can fail to set or fill pods. If stress continues during seed filling, the crop will have fewer possibilities to compensate for yield reduction, with major impacts on final seed weight. Pod setting marks the beginning of the most critical period of the crop when the main yield component is determined: the seed number. Any stress-reducing biomass accumulation during this critical period will impact the number of seeds, and thus yield.
Management considerations
Harvest - Soybeans with 50 to 90 percent leaves and a good number of pods at the R6 stage have a good chance of producing a decent crop if allowed to mature -- especially if timely rains occur. In that case, it would probably be best to harvest the crop as normal, even though some of the leaves and flowers have dropped due to stress. Good yields are not guaranteed even if the plants are in good shape at R6.
Cutting for hay - Prolonged heat and drought stress can cause considerable leaf area loss and soybean yield reduction. If the crop is so drought-stressed that it’s losing leaves or not setting pods, it may be time to cut it for hay. This might appeal to livestock producers who are facing dry pastures and supplemental feed costs. The decision depends on the stage of growth and condition of the plants. If possible, it’s best to hold off on making any decisions about cutting soybeans for hay until the plants are moving into seed fill (the optimal time to cut beans for hay to retain digestible nutrients).
However, holding off until this stage of growth may not be possible if plants in the vegetative stage are dropping half or more of their leaves already. If too many leaves have dropped, the crop has a reduced value as a hay crop. Producers may need to make the decision to cut for hay while the plants are still in the vegetative stage, before the beginning seed fill stage, and before the soybeans lose too many leaves. Soybean plants that still have 30 percent of their leaves can produce 0.75 to 1.25 tons dry matter of hay per acre, with about 13 percent protein and 48 percent in-vitro dry matter digestibility. The more leaves a plant has, the more hay tonnage it will produce.
The “grey area” is where there are plants with 30 to 50 percent of leaves remaining since those leaves have the capability of filling pods if it rains and of making a soybean harvest that is worth more than the price of the hay.
Please remember - many herbicide labels do restrict the use of soybeans as a forage. It will be critical to know the waiting period that must be followed between the application of a given herbicide and the grazing or harvesting of the soybeans for use as a forage. A companion article in this eUpdate summarizes the rules for several herbicides when feeding soybeans.
Final considerations
Scout your acres for drought and heat stress so you can make timely decisions. Beyond yield reductions due to pod abortion, further yield impact can be expected also due to poor seed-filling conditions that may reduce the seed weight.
Finally, if you would like to report drought impacts to your region, anyone can submit Condition Monitoring Observer Reports (CMOR). You can submit reports here: http://go.unl.edu/CMOR and view other’s reports here: http://go.unl.edu/CMORMAP. To learn more about the Drought Monitor process, please visit https://bit.ly/3Q2UUke.
Ignacio Ciampitti, Professor, Farming Systems
ciampitti@ksu.edu
Adrian Correndo, Postdoctoral Fellow, Dept. of Agronomy.
correndo@ksu.edu
Matt Sittel, Assistant State Climatologist
msittel@ksu.edu
Christopher “Chip” Redmond, Kansas Mesonet Manager
christopherredmond@ksu.edu
Tags: soybeans drought high temperatures drought stress heat stress