The full soil profile observed early this summer due to abundant rainfall has become steadily drier through the late summer and early fall. Topsoil conditions are now very dry in portions of southwest Kansas, which leaves producers with basically three main options for wheat yet to be planted:
Option 1 - “Dust in” the wheat
Producers can choose to “dust in” the wheat at the normal seeding depth and normal planting date, and hope for rain. Some farmers may consider planting it shallower than normal, but this could increase the potential for winterkill or freeze damage as the crown will likely be formed closer to the soil surface. Planting the wheat crop at the normal depth and hoping for rain is probably the best option where soils are very dry. The seed will remain viable in the soil until it gets enough moisture.
Figure 1. Wheat dusted in near Belleville in October 2015. Photo by Romulo Lollato, K-State Research and Extension.
Before planting, producers should look at the long-term forecast and try to estimate how long the dry conditions will persist. If it looks like there’s a good chance the dry weather will continue until at least the back end of the optimum range of planting dates, producers should treat the fields as if they were planting later than the optimum time. Rather than cutting back on seeding rates and fertilizer to save money on a lost cause, producers should increase seeding rates, consider using a fungicide seed treatment, and consider using a starter phosphorus fertilizer to improve early season development. However, producers should be cautious with in-furrow nitrogen or potassium fertilizers as these can make it more difficult for the seed/seedling to absorb water needed for germination. The idea is to make sure the wheat gets off to a good start and will have enough heads to have good yield potential, assuming it will eventually rain and the crop will emerge late. Wheat that emerges in October may still hold full yield potential, but wheat that emerges in November almost always has fewer fall tillers and therefore can have decreased yield potential.
There are some risks to this option. First, a hard rain could crust over the soil or wash soil off planting ridges and into the seed furrows, potentially causing emergence problems. Another risk is the potential for wind erosion if the field lies unprotected with no ridges. Also, the wheat may not come up until spring, in which case it may have been better not to plant the wheat at all and plant a spring crop instead. In fact, not planting wheat and allowing soil moisture to build for a summer crop planted next spring is an option for the dry portions of southwest Kansas.
Probably the worst-case scenario for wheat planted into dry soils would be if a light rain occurs and the seed gets just enough moisture to germinate but not enough for the seedlings to emerge through the soil or to survive very long if dry conditions return. Once the coleoptile extends to the soil surface, the plant must have enough moisture to continue growth otherwise it will perish. This situation may be worsened if producers are planting wheat following a summer crop such as corn, soybean, or sorghum, which depleted subsoil moisture through late summer. Without subsoil moisture to sustain growth, there can be a complete loss of the wheat stand. If late October continues to bring cooler temperatures, dusting wheat in becomes a more interesting option as soil moisture from a possible rainfall event could be stretched further.
Option 2 - Plant deeper than usual into moisture with hoe drill
Planting deeper than usual with a hoe drill can work if the variety to be planted has a long coleoptile, the producer is using a hoe drill, and there is good soil moisture within reach. The advantage of this option is that the crop should come up and make a stand during the optimum time in the fall. This would keep the soil from blowing. Also, the ridges created by hoe drills also help keep the soil from blowing.
The main risk of this option is poor emergence. Deep-planted wheat normally has below-normal emergence, so a higher seeding rate should be used. Any rain that occurs before the seedlings have emerged could add additional soil into the seed furrow, making it even harder for the coleoptile to reach the soil surface. Any time you increase the seeding depth, the seedling will have to stay within the soil just that much longer before emerging through the soil surface.
Delayed emergence leads to more potential for disease and pest problems. Additionally, deep-planted wheat generally results in reduced tillering and consequently a reduced number of heads, which directly reduces the yield potential of the crop. It’s even possible that the wheat would get planted so deep that it would germinate but never emerge at all, especially if the coleoptile length is too short for the depth of planting. Generally speaking, it’s best to plant no deeper than 3 inches with most varieties. It is also important to keep in mind that ridges formed by narrow press wheels can make the effective planting depth much deeper if the seed furrows fill in during a heavy rainfall event.
Option 3 - Wait for rain before planting
To overcome the risk of crusting or stand failure, producers may decide to wait until it has rained and soil moisture conditions are adequate before planting. Under the right conditions, this would result in good stands, assuming that planting is not extremely delayed, that the producer uses a higher seeding rate and a starter fertilizer, if appropriate. If it remains dry well past the optimum range of planting dates, the producer would then have the option of just keeping the wheat seed in the shed until next fall and planting spring crop next year instead.
The risk of this option is that the weather may turn rainy and stay wet later this fall, preventing the producer from planting the wheat at all (similar to what happened in the fall of 2018), while those who dusted their wheat in have a good stand. There is also the risk of leaving the soil unprotected from the wind through the winter until the spring crop is planted.
Crop insurance considerations and deadlines will play a role in these decisions. Another consideration is to delay the bulk of nitrogen application until topdress time in the spring, as wheat does not require much nitrogen in the fall. This would defer expenses until an acceptable wheat stand is assured.
Romulo Lollato, Wheat and Forages Specialist
lollato@ksu.edu
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